Ke Kūkulu o ka Lewa

ʻOiai, ʻōʻili ke ānuenue i ka lewa, ʻo ka mea e pono ai ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano a ka Hawaiʻi e kūlulu ai i ka lewa i ka wā kahiko. No laila, ʻo nā pahuhopu o kēia māhele nei, ʻo ia ka wehewehe ʻana i nā inoa o nā pōʻai lewa, a me nā pōʻai Kahiki. ʻO ka pōʻai Kahiki, ʻo ia nā kūlana o ka lā e kau ai.

ʻEkolu kumu ʻike ʻano nui o kēia māhele. ʻO ka mua; ʻo ia ka puke kaulana ʻo Moolelo Hawaii na Davida Malo. ʻO ia kahi o nā mea ʻimi naʻauao Hawaiʻi kaulana o ke kenekulia ʻumi kumamāiwa. Ua paʻi mua ʻia i ka makahiki 1838, he kumu ʻike waiwai ia puke no ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka ʻike Hawaiʻi kuʻuna. Ma loko o kāna puke, wehewehe ʻo Malo i nā pōʻai lewa a me nā pōʻai Kahiki o ka lā e kaʻahele ai. ʻO ke kumu ʻike ʻano nui ʻelua, ʻo ia nā pukana nūpepa ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi a Samuel Kamakau ma kahi o ka makahiki 1869. ʻO Kamakau, ʻo ia hoʻi kekahi o nā mea ʻimi naʻauao Hawaiʻi kaulana loa. Ua kākau nō hoʻi ʻo ia e pili ana i nā pōʻai lewa a me nā pōʻai Kahiki. ʻO ke kumu ʻike ʻano nui ʻekolu, ʻo ia ka Edith Kanakaʻole Foundation. He hui noiʻi ia i kēia wā, a ua paʻi ʻia kekahi mau ʻike waiwai e pili ana i ke ʻano i kūkulu ʻia ai ke ao kūlohelohe e ka Hawaiʻi i ka wā kahiko. Hoʻohana ʻia ia mau kumu ʻike ʻano nui he ʻekolu ma ke ʻano he kahua no kēia māhele nei.

Ua kūkulu ʻia ka ʻike Hawaiʻi kuʻuna ma loko o ʻekolu hālau naʻauao. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo Papahulilani, ʻo Papahulihonua, a ʻo Papanuihānaumoku.[1] No Papahulilani ka lewa, a i ka wā kahiko, ua kaulona ʻia aʻe nō ka lewa e nā kilo, nā kāhuna kilokilo, a me nā makaʻāinana kekahi. Eia kekahi, wahi a Malo a me Kamakau, ua kūkulu ʻia aʻe ka lewa i kekahi mau pōʻai i mea e hoʻomaopopo ai i ke ʻano o nā mea e kupu pinepine mai ana ma luna o ka honua, ʻo ke ao ʻoe, ʻo ka ua ʻoe, ke ānuenue ʻoe, a pēlā aku.[2] Wahi a Malo, ua kūkulu ʻia nō hoʻi ke kaʻahele ʻana o ka lā a i kekahi kūlana, ʻo ia hoʻi nā pōʻai Kahiki.[3]

ʻŌʻili ke ānuenue ma loko o kekahi mau pōʻai lewa. Eia kekahi, i ka hapa nui o ka manawa, kaukaʻi ka ʻōʻili ʻana ma ke ʻano ānuenue a me ka pōʻai o ka lā. Ua mahuʻi ʻia ke kiʻekiʻena o nā pōʻai lewa ma loko o kēia māhele nei i mea e hoʻomaopopo ai i nā pōʻai lewa o nā ʻano ānuenue e ʻōʻili aʻe ai.

[1] Edith Kanakaʻole Foundation. 2017. Papakū Makawalu. http://edithkanakaolefoundation.org/papakuMakawalu.php.

[2] David Malo. 2020. The Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi of David Malo, Ka ʻŌlelo Kumu. Edited by Jeffrey Lyon. Vol. 1. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press and Bishop Museum Press., ʻaoʻao 139.

Samuel Kamakau. 1870. "Ka Moolelo Hawaii." Ke Au Okoa, Maraki 31: 1.

[3] David Malo. 2020. The Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi of David Malo, Hawaiian Text and Translation. Edited by Charles Langlas and Jeffrey Lyon. Vol. 2. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press and Bishop Museum Press. ʻaoʻao 80.

Nā Hālau Naʻauao Hawaiʻi a ʻEkolu

No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā pōʻai lewa a me nā pōʻai Kahiki, ʻo ka mea mua e pono ai ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana ʻike a ka poʻe Hawaiʻi e kūkulu ai no ke ao kūlohelohe. Hoʻomāhele ʻia ke ao kūlohelohe i loko o ʻekolu hālau naʻauao e nā kānaka maoli. Aia ma loko o ka wā ʻumi kūmākolu o ke Kumulipo (ka lālā o ka wā ʻumi kūmālua), hiki ke loaʻa ia mau māhele naʻauao.[1] E wehewehe ʻia ia mau hālau ma lalo iho nei:[2]

ʻO Papahulihonua: Aia ka honua a me ka moana ma loko o Papahulihonua. ʻO ia hoʻi ka mōhala ʻana a me ka loli ʻana o ka honua a me ka moana. Aia nō hoʻi kauwahi kānaka loea i ʻike i ka pilina o ka honua, ka lewa, a me nā mea ola.[3]
ʻO Papahulilani: ʻO ia ka lewa mai ka honua a hiki i kahi o nā hōkū e kau ai. Aia ma loko o Papahulilani ka lā, nā hōkū, ka makani, ke ānuenue, a pēlā aku. Aia nō hoʻi kauwahi kānaka loea nāna e hoʻomaopopo i ʻike i ka pilina o ka honua, ka lewa, a me nā mea ola.
ʻO Papanuihānaumoku: Mai ke aka a hiki i ka make e noho iho ai nā mea ola a pau i ka hālau naʻauao ʻo Papanuihānaumoku. ʻO ia nō nā mea ulu a pau a me nā holoholona a pau. Aia nō hoʻi kauwahi kānaka loea i ʻike i ka pilina o ka honua, ka lewa, a me nā mea ola.

ʻO ia mau hālau naʻauao a ʻekolu, ʻo ia ka ʻōnaehana ʻike Hawaiʻi, a ʻo ia ke kahua no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ao kūlohelohe i ke kuanaʻike Hawaiʻi.[4]

[1] Queen Liliʻuokalani, (2016). The Kumulipo An Hawaiian Creation Myth (Third Printing). Honolulu, HI: Pueo Press, Wā 13 ʻaoʻao. 66-67.

Kawena Johnson (2000). The Kumulipo Mind . Honoluu, HI: Wā 13 ʻaoʻao 135.

[2] Edith Kanakaole foundation: http://edithkanakaolefoundation.org/papakuMakawalu.php.

[3] Wahi a Kamakau, “O ke kuhikuhi puuone – He Papahulihonua kekahi inoa. He oihana akamai loa keia i ka wa kahiko, a he poe akamai loa no hoi lakou i na mea huna ma ka aina” S.M Kamakau. 1867. "Ka Moolelo o na Kamehameha." Ka Nupepa Kuokoa. Vol. VI. Honolulu, HI, Dekemba 28. 1.

[4] Edith Kanakaole foundation: http://edithkanakaolefoundation.org/papakuMakawalu.php.

Nā Pōʻai o ka Lewa

Papahulilani:

ʻO ka hālau ʻo Papahulilani kahi o nā ʻano ānuenue e ʻōʻili ai. Malia paha, ʻoi aku ka nui o Papahulilani ma mua o ko nā hālau ʻike Hawaiʻi ʻē aʻe. Hoʻoloa aʻe nō ia i ke aupuni o nā akua a hiki i ka lanikuakaa. ʻO Kāne (Kāne-nui-ākea) lāua ʻo Kanaloa nā akua kuamua, a ʻo Kū lāua ʻo Lono nā akua kualua.[1] Hoʻolako ʻia nā mea o ka lewa e ia mau akua. Kalakupua nō hoʻi nā mea o Papahulilani ma muli o ia mau akua. Kilo ʻia ka hoʻomāhele ʻana i ua Papahulilani nei ma loko o kēia māhele nei, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā pōʻai lewa a me nā pōʻai Kahiki.

[1] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa and Pualani Lincoln-Maielua. 2022. "Papahulilani." Papakū Makawalu Workshop. Hilo, HI: Edith Kanakaʻole Foundation, January 15.

ʻOiai, no ka lewa ke ānuenue, ʻo ka mea e pono ai ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano i kūkulu ʻia ai ia wahi, wahi a Malo, ʻehā pōʻai o ka lewa ma waena o ka paʻa i luna a me ka paʻa i lalo.[1] Wehewehe ʻia kēia mau pōʻai lewa ma lalo iho nei, a hōʻike ʻia i ka Pakuhi 7.[2]

Ka Paʻa i luna: ʻO ka loa me ka laulā o kēia wahi, mai ka wēkiu loa o ka lewa a hiki i kahi o nā hōkū e kau ai, a ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka paʻa i luna.
Ka Lewa lani: ʻO ka pōʻai kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻo ia ka lewa lani. Aia ka pōʻai mai ka wēlau o nā ao kiʻekiʻe loa a i ka palena o ka lewa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo kahi ma lalo iho ka lewa lani.[3]
Ka Lewa nuʻu: ʻO kēia ka pōʻai lewa o nā ao e kaʻahele ai, a hiki i ka pōʻai a nā manu nui e lele aku ai. ʻO ia nō ka mōlī ʻoe, ke kaʻupu ʻoe, ka ʻā ʻoe, ka ʻiwa ʻoe, a pēlā aku.[4]
Ka Lewa lani lewa: Mai ka wēlau o ke kumu lāʻau kiʻekiʻe a i ke kumu o nā ao, aia ka pōʻai lewa lani lewa. Aia ka ʻohu a me ka noe i kēia pōʻai a ʻo ia ka pōʻai a nā manu liʻiliʻi e lele aʻe ai. Eia kekahi mau laʻana o ia mau manu, ʻo ka ʻāpapane ʻoe, ka ʻiʻiwi ʻoe, ka ʻamakihi ʻoe, ka ʻio ʻoe, ka piha ʻekelo ʻoe, a pēlā aku.[5] Hōʻike wale mai nō ʻo Malo, aia ka pōʻai lewa lani lewa ma lalo o ka lewa nuʻu. He mea hoihoi, wahi a ka mea hoʻoponopono i kā Malo puke (2020): he inoa ʻano ʻē ka lewa lani lewa, a manaʻo ʻo ia, he hewa.[6]
Ka Lewa hoʻomakua: Aia ka pōʻai lewa hoʻomakua e piʻi ana mai ke kumu o ke kumu lāʻau pōkole (a i ʻole ke poʻo kanaka) a hiki i ka wēlau o ke kumu lāʻau kiʻekiʻe. Wahi a Malo, inā i paʻa ke kanaka i kekahi kumu lāʻau a lewa kona mau wāwae, ʻo ia ka lewa hoʻomakua.[7]
Ka Paʻa i lalo: ʻO ia kahi pili i ka honua i kapa ʻia ʻo ka paʻa i lalo.

[1] David Malo. 2020. The Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi of David Malo, Ka ʻŌlelo Kumu. Edited by Jeffrey Lyon. Vol. 1. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press and Bishop Museum Press. ʻaoʻao 139.

[2] ʻAʻole kēia kaha kiʻi he kiʻi pālākiō.

[3] David Malo. 2020. The Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi of David Malo, Ka ʻŌlelo Kumu. Edited by Jeffrey Lyon. Vol. 1. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press and Bishop Museum Press. ʻAoʻao 139. Kalei Nuʻuhiwa. 2019. "Class notes and handouts." HWST 271: Papahulilani Hawn Astronomy I. Honolulu, HI.

[4] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa. 2019. "Class notes and handouts." HWST 271: Papahulilani Hawn Astronomy I. Honolulu, HI. ʻAʻole i hoʻopuka ʻo Malo i nā lāhui manu kikoʻī o kēia pōʻai.

[5] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa. 2019. "Class notes and handouts." HWST 271: Papahulilani Hawn Astronomy I. Honolulu, HI. ʻAʻole i hoʻopuka ʻo Malo i nā lāhui manu kikoʻī o kēia pōʻai.

[6] David Malo. 2020. The Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi of David Malo, Hawaiian Text and Translation. Edited by Charles Langlas and Jeffrey Lyon. Vol. 2. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press and Bishop Museum Press. ʻaoʻao 81 (kuhia o lalo #6)

[7] k.l.

Ke kūkulu lewa a Malo

He Mau Pōʻai Lewa ʻOkoʻa

ʻOkoʻa ka ʻike o Malo, a ʻokoʻa ka ʻike o Kamakau e pili ana i ke kūkulu lewa.[1] Ma ka ʻikepili i ʻohi ʻia mai kā Kamakau, ʻeono pōʻai lewa ma waena o ka paʻa i luna a me ka paʻa i lalo. Wehewehe ʻia ma lalo iho nei, a hōʻike ʻia i ka Pakuhi ma lalo.[2]

Ka Paʻa i luna: ʻO ia kahi pili i ka lani mai ka wēkiu loa o ka lewa a hiki i kahi o nā hōkū e kau ai.
Ka Lewa lani: ʻO ia ka pōʻai wēkiu o ka lewa. Pili nō kekahi mau akua he lehulehu me ka pōʻai lewa lani. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo Kanehekili, ʻo Kanewawahilani, ʻo Kahoalii, a me Kauilanuimakehaikalani, ʻo ia kekahi o ia mau akua.[3]
ʻO Kamakuʻialewa: ʻO ia ka lōʻihi kaulike mai ka lani iho, a mai ka honua aʻe. Kapa ʻia nō hoʻi ʻo kamakakuʻialewa a i ʻole ʻo kamakuʻikahialewa.
ʻO Keapoalewa: Ma lalo iho o kamakuʻialewa, aia ka pōʻai ʻo keapoalewa. E kokoke ana i ka pōʻai ea e hoʻopuni ana i ka honua.
Ka Lewa nuʻu: Ma lalo iho o keapoalewa, aia ka lewa nuʻu. ʻO ia kahi a nā manu e lele ai. ʻO nā akua o ka pōʻai lewa nuʻu, ua kapa ʻia nā akua o ka lani.[4]
Ka Hakaalewa: Inā, hoʻolewa iho kekahi kanaka i kona wāwae i ka manawa āna e paʻa ana i kekahi lālā kumulāʻau, aia kona wāwae ma loko o ka pōʻai hakaalewa.
Ka Lewa hoʻomakua: Inā, e kū ana kahi kanaka ma ka honua, a pupuʻu aʻe kekahi wāwae i luna, a koe kona wāwae ʻē aʻe pili ua ka honua, ʻo lewa hoʻomakua ka inoa o ia pōʻai. ʻO ia hoʻi, mai ka paʻa i lalo a i kahi o ia wāwae i luna.
Ka Paʻa i lalo: ʻO ia kahi pili paʻa i ka honua.

Paʻakikī paha ka hoʻohālike ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana kūkulu a Malo me kā Kamakau, no ka mea, ʻaʻole wehewehe ʻo Kamakau i ka pōʻai ma lalo o ka lewa nuʻu, a ma luna o ka hakaalewa. Kohu mea lā, ʻo ia ka pōʻai i kapa ʻia ʻo ka lewa lani lewa e Malo, eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo pono.

ʻOkoʻa ka ʻōnaehana o Malo, ʻokoa ka ʻōnaehana o Kamakau. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hea ka mea pololei? Inā loaʻa kekahi mau mana ʻokoʻa o nā moʻolelo Hawaiʻi kuʻuna, ua pololei nō paha ia mau mana a ʻelua. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua haʻi ʻia ua mau moʻolelo nei e nā kānaka ʻokoʻa nona nā manaʻo ʻokoʻa. Malia paha, e like me ia mau moʻolelo Hawaiʻi kuʻuna, pololei pū kā Malo lāua ʻo kā Kamakau. E kuʻu mea heluhelu, ʻaʻole e koho iho ana kou mea kākau i ka ʻōnaehana pololei. No laila, ua hoʻohana ʻia ia mau ʻōnaehana lā a ʻelua.

[1] Samuel Kamakau. 1869. "Ka Moolelo Hawaii." Ke Au Okoa, Nowemapa 4.

[2] From Ancestral Places: Understanding Kanaka Geographies, by Katrina-Ann R. Kapāʻanaokalāokeola Nākoa Oliveira, copyright © 2014. Used with permission of Oregon State University Press. ʻaoʻao 48-50. ʻAʻole kēia kaha kiʻi he kiʻi pālākiō.

[3] Samuel Kamakau. 1870. "Ka Moolelo Hawaii." Ke Au Okoa, Maraki 31: 1.

[4] k.l.

Ke kūkulu lewa a Kamakau

He nīnau hoihoi paha, he aha ke kiʻekiʻena o ia mau pōʻai? ʻAʻole i ana ʻia e Malo a i ʻole e Kamakau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana komohana o ka haole. He nīnau ʻano nui, ʻoiai, ʻokoʻa loa nō ke kuanaʻike haole, ʻokoʻa loa nō ke kuanaʻike Hawaiʻi. Pono anei paha ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ʻike Hawaiʻi ma loko o ka ʻōnaehana haole, a pono anei paha ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ʻike haole ma loko o ka ʻōnaehana Hawaiʻi? I ke kuanaʻike o ka haole, ʻo ka ʻepekema wale nō ka mea e hōʻike ana i nā mea ʻoiaʻiʻo. I ke kuanaʻike o ka Hawaiʻi, aia nā mea ʻoiaʻiʻo like ʻole he nui. ʻO kekahi pahuhopu o kēia papahana nei, ʻo ia nō ke kāwili ʻana i kekahi mau ʻikepili o ko ka haole kuanaʻike me ko ka Hawaiʻi kuanaʻike e pili ana i nā ʻano ānuenue a me ko lākou ʻōʻili ʻana mai. No laila, i kēia mokuna nei, e koho ʻia ana ke kiʻekiʻena pōʻai ma o kekahi ʻano kālailai ʻokoʻa. Hoʻomaka iho kēia kālailai ʻana i ka pōʻai haʻahaʻa loa ʻo Lewa hoʻomakua. E hōʻike ʻia kona ʻano ma lalo iho nei.

Ka lewa hoʻomakua: ʻOkoʻa ka wehwewehena a Malo, ʻokoʻa ka wehewehe ʻana a Kamakau e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia pōʻai. E like me ka wehewehena o luna aʻe, wahi a Kamakau, e kū ana kekahi kanaka ma ka honua, a pupuʻu aʻe kekahi wāwae i luna, a paʻa kekahi wāwae i ka honua.[1] ʻO kēia kiʻekiʻe, ma kahi paha ia o ʻelua kapuaʻi. Wahi a Malo, inā i paʻa ke kanaka i kekahi kumu lāʻau a lewa kona mau wāwae, ʻo ia ka lewa hoʻomakua.[2] ʻO ke kumu lāʻau hea kā Malo o ke kuhi ʻana? Eia kekahi mahuʻi: ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu Koa ma mua o nā kumu ʻē aʻe, a ulu paha ia a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe he 115 kapuaʻi.[3] A mai ka lālā hea e lewa ai nā wāwae? Inā, paʻa kekahi kanaka (ma kahi o 6 kapuaʻi kona kiʻekiʻe) i kekahi lālā haʻahaʻa (ma kahi paha o 10 kapuaʻi ke kiʻekiʻe), e lewa ana kona wāwae ma kahi o 4 kapuaʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻia e kekahi kumu ʻē aʻe,[4] aia ka pōʻai lewa hoʻomakua e holo ana mai ke kumu o kekahi kumu lāʻau pōkole (a i ʻole ke poʻo kanaka) a hiki i ka wēlau o ke kumu lāʻau kiʻekiʻe (ʻo ke kumu Koa paha), ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi ia o 115 kaupaʻi. Me he mea lā, ʻaʻole i hoʻoloa a hiki i 115 kapuaʻi ma muli o nā wehewehena o nā pōʻai lewa ʻē aʻe. No laila, no kēia papahana nei, ʻo ka mahuʻi ʻana no ke kiʻekiʻena, he ʻekolu paha kapuaʻi o ka lewa hoʻomakua.
Ka hakaalewa: Ma ka ʻikepili i ʻohi ʻia ma loko mai o kā Kamakau puke, inā, e hoʻolewa iho kekahi kanaka i kona wāwae i ka manawa āna e paʻa ana i kekahi lālā kumulāʻau, aia kona wāwae ma loko o ka pōʻai hakaalewa. No laila, he 4 kapuaʻi paha ke kiʻekiʻe (a nānā ʻia ka wehewehena no ka lewa hoʻomakua ma luna aʻe nei).
Ka lewa lani lewa: ʻAʻole hoʻopuka ʻo Kamakau i kēia pōʻai. ʻO Malo wale nō kai hāpai i ia manaʻo. Aia ia ma lalo o ka lewa nuʻu. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻopuka ʻia e kekahi kumu ʻē aʻe, [5] mai ka wēlau o ke kumu lāʻau kiʻekiʻe a i ke kumu o nā ao, aia ka pōʻai lewa lani lewa. Loaʻa ka ʻohu a me ka noe i loko o kēia pōʻai a ʻo ia ka pōʻai a nā manu liʻiliʻi e lele aʻe ai. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia kiʻekiʻena no ke kuhi ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lewa lani lewa. ʻO ka piha ʻekelo, he lele ʻo ia a hiki i 9,800 kapuaʻi ma luna o ka ʻilikai.[6] ʻO ka ʻiʻiwi, he 4,100 kapuaʻi,[7] a ʻo ka ʻamakihi, he 9,500 kapuaʻi.[8] Hiki nō hoʻi ke hoʻohana ʻia ka huina he iwakālua i hōʻike ʻia ma loko o ka Pakuhi 9 i mea e akāka ai. Ma ka huina iwakālua ma luna o ka hālāwai, ʻo ia ke kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 6,000 kapuaʻi. He 7,300 kapuaʻi ka ʻawelika o ia mau ʻikepili kiʻekiʻena . No laila, aia paha nā palena o ka lewa lani lewa ma waena o 3 a 7,300 kapuaʻi.
Ka lewa nuʻu: ʻO kēia ka pōʻai a nā manu nui e lele ai.[9] ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ka mōlī ʻoe, ke kaʻupu ʻoe, ka ʻā ʻoe, ka ʻiwa ʻoe, a pēlā aku. Lele pinepine ka ʻiwa ma kahi o 13,000 kapuaʻi ke kiʻekiʻe.[10] ʻO ke kōlea, hiki iā ia ke lele aʻe a i 16,000 kapuaʻi.[11] He 14,500 kapuaʻi ka ʻawelika o ia mau kiʻekiʻena lele. No laila, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻena o ka lewa nuʻu, ʻo ia paha ma waena o 7,300 a me 14,500 kapuaʻi ma luna o ka paʻi i lalo.
ʻO keapoalewa: Aia ia ma waena o nā pōʻai lewa nuʻu a me kamakuʻialewa. No laila, ma waena paha o 14,500 a me 30,000 kapuaʻi ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia pōʻai (no 30,000 kapuaʻi, e nānā ʻia ke kālailai no kamakuʻialewa ma lalo iho nei).
ʻO kamakuʻialewa: ʻO ia ka lōʻihi kaulike mai ka lani iho, a mai ka honua aʻe. Inā aia ka wēkiu o ka lewa lani ma ke kapuaʻi he 60,000 (e nānā i ka wehewehena no ka lewa lani), a laila, he 30,000 kapuaʻi paha ke kiʻekiʻena o kēia pōʻai. ʻOiai, aia kēia pōʻai ma lalo pono o ka Lewa lani, ma waena o 30,000 a me 60,000 kapuaʻi ke kiʻekiʻena.

Pakuhi 1. Nā kiʻekiʻe mahuʻi o nā pōʻai lewa

Ka lewa lani: ʻO ka pōʻai kiʻekiʻe loa ka lewa lani. Aia ia pōʻai mai ka wēlau o ke ao wēkiu a hiki i ka palena o ka lewa.[12] He aha ke kiʻekiʻena o ka lewa? He 60,000 kapuaʻi paha ka wēkiu loa o nā ao.[13] E manaʻo ʻia paha, ʻo kēia ka wēkiu o ka lewa. Eia naʻe, wahi a kekahi hōʻike, he 100 km (328,000 kapuaʻi) ka wēkiu o ka lewa e kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka laina ʻo Karmin.[14] No kēia pepa nei, he 60,000 kapuaʻi o ka wēkiu o ka lewa lani.

Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ia kālailaina ma loko o ka Pakuhi 9 (ma ke kolamu ʻākau). He aha ka waiwai o kēia mau hopena? Hiki paha ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻohālike ʻana i ke kuanaʻike Hawaiʻi me ke kuanaʻike ʻepekema komohana no ka ʻike ʻana i nā kūlana o nā ʻano ānuenue like ʻole ma ka lewa. He kāwili ʻana nō hoʻi ia mau kuanaʻike he ʻelua, a malia paha, hiki nō hoʻi ke hoʻohana ʻia i mea e unuhi ai i ke ʻano o kekahi ānuenue a kākou e nānā ana. Wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻano hana i loko o ka Mokuna 6 o lalo iho.

[1] Samuel Kamakau. 1869. "Ka Moolelo Hawaii." Ke Au Okoa, Novemaba 4: 1

[2] David Malo. 2020. The Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi of David Malo, Ka ʻŌlelo Kumu. Edited by Jeffrey Lyon. Vol. 1. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press and Bishop Museum Press. ʻaoʻao 139.

[3] n.d. DLNR. Hawaii.gov. State of Hawaiʻi. Accessed November 2022. https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/forestry/info/big-tree/koa/#:~:text=Koa%20is%20the%20largest%20native,heights%20of%20approximately%20115%20fet.

[4] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa. 2019. "Class notes and handouts." HWST 271: Papahulilani Hawn Astronomy I. Honolulu, HI.

[5] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa. 2019. "Class notes and handouts." HWST 271: Papahulilani Hawn Astronomy I. Honolulu, HI.

[6] Moumita Dutta. 2022. Myna Bird Facts. 10 20. Accessed November 26, 2022. https://kidadl.com/facts/animals/myna-bird-facts.

[7] n.d. DLNR. Native Birds of Hawaiʻi: ʻIʻiwi. State of Hawaiʻi. Accessed November 26, 2022.https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/birds/iiwi/.

[8] n.d. DLNR. Native Birds of Hawaiʻi: ʻamakihi. State of Hawaiʻi. Accessed November 26, 2022. https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/birds/hawaii-amakihi/.

[9] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa. 2019. "Class notes and handouts." HWST 271: Papahulilani Hawn Astronomy I. Honolulu, HI.

[10] H. Weimerskirch, et al. 2016. Frigate birds: In the air for months at a time. Accessed November 2022. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160701120733.htm#:~:text=In%20order%20to%20glide%20over,take%20advantage%20of%20strong%20updrafts.

[11] Oscar W. Johnson, and Susan Scott. 2016. Hawai'i's Kōlea: The Amazing Transpacific Life of the Pacific Golden-Plover. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press.

[12] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa. 2019. "Class notes and handouts." HWST 271: Papahulilani Hawn Astronomy I. Honolulu, HI.

[13] NOAA. n.d. The Four Core Types of Clouds . National Weather Service. Accessed November 2022. https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/corefour.

[14] Nadia Drake. n.d. Where, exactly, is the edge of space? It depends on who you ask. Accessed November 2022. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/where-is-the-edge-of-space-and-what-is-the-karman-line.

Nā kiʻekiʻe mahuʻi o nā pōʻai lewa

Nā Kahiki o ka Lā

I ka lā e kaʻahele ana i kona ala i ka lani, aia he mau inoa e pili ana i kona kūlana. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia nā pōʻai Kahiki. ʻEiwa pōʻai o ke ala lā, a ʻo ka inoa māhele mua o kēlā me kēia pōʻai, ʻo ia ʻo Kahiki. ʻO Kahiki, ʻo ia nā kūlana ala ao o ka lā. Wehewehe ʻia ia mau pōʻai Kahiki e Malo, a hōʻike ʻia nō hoʻi ma lalo iho nei,[1] a ma loko o ka Pakuhi 10.

ʻO Kahikimoe Kahi (Ao): Aia ke kūlana o ka lā ma lalo o ka hālāwai i ka hikina.
ʻO Kahikikū (Ao): Aia ke kūlana o ka lā ma luna pono o ka hālāwai i ka hikina.
ʻO Kahikikepapanuʻu (Lā): I ka manawa o ka lā e kau aʻe ai i ka huina he iwakālua ma luna o ka hālāwai, kapa ʻia ʻo Kahikikepapanuʻu. ʻO ia ka manawa nona ka inoa ʻo Lā. I ka lā e neʻe aʻe ana mai ke kūlana ʻo Kahikikū ao a i ke kūlana ʻo Kahikikepapanuʻu (Lā), ʻo kēlā neʻe ʻana, kapa ʻia ʻo Keʻe.[2]
ʻO Kahikikepapalani (Kakahiaka): I ka manawa o ka lā e kau aʻe ana i kēia kūlana i ke kakahiaka, kapa ʻia ʻo Kahikikepapalani.
ʻO Kahikikapuihōlanikekuʻina: Aia ka lā ma luna pono i kēia manawa. ʻO kēia inoa ʻo Kahiki-kapu-i-Hōlani-ke-kuʻina, he wahi kapu ma Hōlani. He wahi mea hoʻokalakupua ʻo Hōlani ma loko o nā ʻōlelo kahiko loa.[3]
ʻO Kahikikepapalani (ʻAuinalā): I ka manawa o ka lā e kau iho ana i kēia kūlana i ka ʻauinalā, kapa ʻia ʻo Kahikikepapalani.
ʻO Kahikikepapanuʻu (Napoʻo): I ka manawa o ka lā e kau iho ana i ka huina he iwakālua ma luna o ka hālāwai i ka ʻauinalā, kapa ʻia ʻo Kahikikepapanuʻu. ʻO ia ka manawa ʻo Napoʻo. I ka lā e neʻe iho ana mai ke kūlana ʻo Kahikikepapanuʻu a i ke kūlana ʻo Kahikikū ahiahi, ʻo kēlā neʻe ʻana, kapa ʻia ʻo Keʻe.
ʻO Kahikikū ahiahi: Aia ke kūlana o ka lā ma luna aʻe o ka hālāwai i ke komohana.
ʻO Kahikimoe ʻAno Ahiahi: Aia ke kūlana o ka lā ma lalo o ka hālāwai i ke komohana.

Nā Kahiki o ka lā

I ka lā e kaʻahele ana ma waena o Kahikikepapanuʻu (Lā a i ʻole Napoʻo) a me Kahikikū (Ao a i ʻole Ahiahi), ʻo ia ka manawa o ke alaula. ʻO ke alaula ka malama o ka wanaʻao a me ka napoʻo o ka lā. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo alaula, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia, ʻo ia nō ʻo ala ʻula a i ʻole aka ʻula. ʻO ia ka malama ʻula o ia mau manawa. ʻO ia ka manawa o nā ʻano ānuenue nona ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻula he nui e ʻōʻili pinepine ai. E nānā i ka Mokuna 5 o lalo iho.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ia mau pōʻai Kahiki no nā mea like ʻole e kaʻahele ana ma luna o ka ʻili aouli. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo nā hōkū ʻoe, ka mahina ʻoe, nā hōkū hele ʻoe, a pēlā wale aku. No ka mea, he mau inoa ʻokoʻa nā kūlana ala ao no nā mea o ka pō.[4]

Ka Pilina ma waena o nā Pōʻai Lewa a me nā Pōʻai Kahiki o ka Lā:

ʻOiai, ʻokoʻa nā inoa pōʻai Kahiki, a ʻokoʻa hoʻi nā inoa pōʻai lewa, he nīnau nui paha e kupu mai ana, ʻo ia hoʻi, he aha ka pilina o ia mau inoa a ʻelua, a pehea kākou e ʻike ai i ke kiʻekiʻena o ia mau pōʻai ke pili kekahi i kekahi? Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi ʻano hana maikaʻi no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pilina a me nā kūlana o ia mau pōʻai lewa me ka pōʻai Kahiki ma loko o ka Pakuhi 11 a me ka Pakuhi 12. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana a Malo no kēia ʻano hana. Aia ka pōʻai lewa ʻo Lewa hoʻomakua ma waena o Kahikimoe a me Kahikikū. Aia ka pōʻai lewa ʻo Lewa lani lewa ma waena o Kahikikū a me Kahikikepapanuʻu. Aia ka pōʻai lewa ʻo Lewa nuʻu ma waena o Kahikikepapanuʻu a me Kahikikepapalani. Aia ka pōʻai lewa ʻo Lewa lani ma waena o

Pakuhi 3. Nā pōʻai lewa a me nā ʻāpana Kahiki

Kahikikepapalani a me Kahikikapuihōlanikekuʻina.[5]

Hiki paha ke noʻonoʻo ʻia kahi ʻōlelo hoʻohālike haole no ka pilina o nā pōʻai lewa me nā pōʻai Kahiki. ʻO ia hoʻi ia mea ʻo ka snow globe. Kaʻahele ka lā ma ke ala o nā pōʻai Kahiki ma ka ʻili aouli, e like me ke aniani o ka snow globe. ʻO ke ānuenue, ʻōʻili ia ma loko o nā pōʻai lewa, e like me ka hau ma loko o ke aniani.

He Mau Manaʻo Pani

Akamai nō nā kūpuna, a hoihoi nō hoʻi kā lākou kūkulu ʻana i nā pōʻai lewa a me nā pōʻai Kahiki kekahi. He mea waiwai ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ia mau pōʻai i ka manawa o kekahi ānuenue e ʻōʻili ai i loko o ka lewa. No ka mea, he mea kōkua ia no ka unuhi ʻana i ke ʻano o ia ānuenue a me kona hōʻailona a i ʻole kona ʻōuli.

[1] David Malo. 2020. The Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi of David Malo, Hawaiian Text and Translation. Edited by Charles Langlas and Jeffrey Lyon. Vol. 2. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press and Bishop Museum Press. ʻAoʻao 80.

Hōʻike wale nō ʻo Malo i kēia mau Kahiki he ʻelima, eia naʻe, ʻo ka ʻehā i koe, like a like nā inoa ma hope o ka neʻe ʻana o ka lā ma hope o ke awakea. E hahai ʻia ana ka pela ʻia o nā Kahiki e hōʻike ʻia ma loko o ke paʻi hou ʻia (2020) o kā Malo, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea nona nā kahakō a me nā ʻokina. Aia kekahi mau pela ʻokoʻa ʻana ma loko kā Kamakau, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo Kahikikeʻapapanuʻu, ʻo Kahikikeʻapapalani.

[2] k.l

[3] k.l

[4] k.l

[5] k.l

Ka pilina o nā pōʻai Lewa me nā pōʻai Kahiki

na Hoaloha Westcott ke kiʻi