Sky Organization

Since, rainbows appear in the sky, the understanding of the Hawaiian way in which the sky was organized in ancient times is needed. Therefore, the goals of this section are to describe the names of the vertical strata and the positions of the sun.

This section has three important sources of knowledge. The first, the famous book by David Malo called Hawaiian Antiquities. Malo was one of the famous Hawaiian scholars of the 19th century. Published in 1838, his book is a valuable reference that preserves traditional Hawaiian knowledge. Within his book, Malo explains the vertical strata (called pōʻai lewa) and the positions of he sun travels in as it travels across the sky (called pōʻai Kahiki). The second important knowledg source are the Hawaiian language news paper articles published by Samuel Kamakau in 1869. Kamakau was also one of the famous Hawaiian scholars. He also wrote about the vertical strata and the posiitions of the sun. The third source is the Edith Kanakaʻole Foundation. It is a research organization of the present time, they have published some valuable information about the organization of the natural world by Hawaiians in the ancient times. These 3 knowledge sources were used as the foundation of this section.

Traditional Hawaiian knowledge about the natural world was organized within 3 houses of knowledge. Namely, Papahulilani, Papahulihonua, and Papanuinānaumoku. [1] The sky belongs to Papahulilani, and in the past the sky was closely observed by priests and commoners alike. Furthermore, according to Malo and Kamakau, the sky was organized into strata as a way to understand the types of things that often were appearing above the earth, such as clouds, rains, rainbows, etc.[2] According to Malo, the suns travels across tha sky was also organized into positions, namely the pōʻai Kahiki.[3]

Rainbows appear within some vertical strata. Furthermore, the majority of time, their appearance depends on the type of rainbow and the position of the sun. The altitude of the vertical strata was estimated in this section as a way to understand the vertical strata that the types of rainbows appear within.

[1] Edith Kanakaʻole Foundation. 2017. Papakū Makawalu. http://edithkanakaolefoundation.org/papakuMakawalu.php.

[2] David Malo. 2020. The Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi of David Malo, Ka ʻŌlelo Kumu. Edited by Jeffrey Lyon. Vol. 1. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press and Bishop Museum Press., ʻaoʻao 139.

Samuel Kamakau. 1870. "Ka Moolelo Hawaii." Ke Au Okoa, Maraki 31: 1.

[3] David Malo. 2020. The Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi of David Malo, Hawaiian Text and Translation. Edited by Charles Langlas and Jeffrey Lyon. Vol. 2. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press and Bishop Museum Press. ʻaoʻao 80.

The Three Hawaiian Knowledge Houses

The first thing that is needed in understanding the vertical strata and sun positions is the system of knowledge in which Hawaiians organized the natural world. As mentioned above, there are 3 houses of knowledge and they are mentioned within Epoch 12 of the Kumulipo.[1] They are explained below.[2]

Papahulihonua: The earth (land and ocean) are located within this knowledge house. Namely the evolution and the processes of the earth and the ocean. It is also some experts who know the relationships between the earth, the sky, and living things.[3]
Papahulilani: The sky from the surface of the earth all the way to the stars. Within Papahulilani ia the sun, wind, stars, rain, rainbows, etc. It is also some experts who know the relationships between the earth, the sky, and living things.
Papanuihānaumoku: From the embryo until death all plants and animals reside within Papanuihānaumoki. It is also some experts who know the relationships between the earth, the sky, and living things.

These three houses of knowledge, the Hawaiian knowledge system, they are the foundation for understanding the Hawaiian perspective of the natural world.[4]

[1] Queen Liliʻuokalani, (2016). The Kumulipo An Hawaiian Creation Myth (Third Printing). Honolulu, HI: Pueo Press, Wā 13 ʻaoʻao. 66-67.

Kawena Johnson (2000). The Kumulipo Mind . Honoluu, HI: Wā 13 ʻaoʻao 135.

[2] Edith Kanakaole foundation: http://edithkanakaolefoundation.org/papakuMakawalu.php.

[3] Wahi a Kamakau, “O ke kuhikuhi puuone – He Papahulihonua kekahi inoa. He oihana akamai loa keia i ka wa kahiko, a he poe akamai loa no hoi lakou i na mea huna ma ka aina” S.M Kamakau. 1867. "Ka Moolelo o na Kamehameha." Ka Nupepa Kuokoa. Vol. VI. Honolulu, HI, Dekemba 28. 1.

[4] Edith Kanakaole foundation: http://edithkanakaolefoundation.org/papakuMakawalu.php.

Nā Pōʻai o ka Lewa

Papahulilani:

Papahulilani is where rainbows appear. Perhaps, the size of Papahulilani is larger than the other houses of knowledge. It extends to the highest heavens. The primary gods of Papahulilani and Kāne (Kāne-nui-ākea) and Kanaloa. Kū and Lono are the secondary gods.[1] All the sky phenomena are provided by the aforementioned gods. Therefore, these phenomena are under supernatural control.

[1] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa and Pualani Lincoln-Maielua. 2022. "Papahulilani." Papakū Makawalu Workshop. Hilo, HI: Edith Kanakaʻole Foundation, January 15.

ʻOiai, no ka lewa ke ānuenue, ʻo ka mea e pono ai ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano i kūkulu ʻia ai ia wahi, wahi a Malo, ʻehā pōʻai o ka lewa ma waena o ka paʻa i luna a me ka paʻa i lalo.[1] Wehewehe ʻia kēia mau pōʻai lewa ma lalo iho nei, a hōʻike ʻia i ka Pakuhi 7.[2]

Ka Paʻa i luna: ʻO ka loa me ka laulā o kēia wahi, mai ka wēkiu loa o ka lewa a hiki i kahi o nā hōkū e kau ai, a ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka paʻa i luna.
Ka Lewa lani: ʻO ka pōʻai kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻo ia ka lewa lani. Aia ka pōʻai mai ka wēlau o nā ao kiʻekiʻe loa a i ka palena o ka lewa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo kahi ma lalo iho ka lewa lani.[3]
Ka Lewa nuʻu: ʻO kēia ka pōʻai lewa o nā ao e kaʻahele ai, a hiki i ka pōʻai a nā manu nui e lele aku ai. ʻO ia nō ka mōlī ʻoe, ke kaʻupu ʻoe, ka ʻā ʻoe, ka ʻiwa ʻoe, a pēlā aku.[4]
Ka Lewa lani lewa: Mai ka wēlau o ke kumu lāʻau kiʻekiʻe a i ke kumu o nā ao, aia ka pōʻai lewa lani lewa. Aia ka ʻohu a me ka noe i kēia pōʻai a ʻo ia ka pōʻai a nā manu liʻiliʻi e lele aʻe ai. Eia kekahi mau laʻana o ia mau manu, ʻo ka ʻāpapane ʻoe, ka ʻiʻiwi ʻoe, ka ʻamakihi ʻoe, ka ʻio ʻoe, ka piha ʻekelo ʻoe, a pēlā aku.[5] Hōʻike wale mai nō ʻo Malo, aia ka pōʻai lewa lani lewa ma lalo o ka lewa nuʻu. He mea hoihoi, wahi a ka mea hoʻoponopono i kā Malo puke (2020): he inoa ʻano ʻē ka lewa lani lewa, a manaʻo ʻo ia, he hewa.[6]
Ka Lewa hoʻomakua: Aia ka pōʻai lewa hoʻomakua e piʻi ana mai ke kumu o ke kumu lāʻau pōkole (a i ʻole ke poʻo kanaka) a hiki i ka wēlau o ke kumu lāʻau kiʻekiʻe. Wahi a Malo, inā i paʻa ke kanaka i kekahi kumu lāʻau a lewa kona mau wāwae, ʻo ia ka lewa hoʻomakua.[7]
Ka Paʻa i lalo: ʻO ia kahi pili i ka honua i kapa ʻia ʻo ka paʻa i lalo.

[1] David Malo. 2020. The Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi of David Malo, Ka ʻŌlelo Kumu. Edited by Jeffrey Lyon. Vol. 1. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press and Bishop Museum Press. ʻaoʻao 139.

[2] ʻAʻole kēia kaha kiʻi he kiʻi pālākiō.

[3] David Malo. 2020. The Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi of David Malo, Ka ʻŌlelo Kumu. Edited by Jeffrey Lyon. Vol. 1. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press and Bishop Museum Press. ʻAoʻao 139. Kalei Nuʻuhiwa. 2019. "Class notes and handouts." HWST 271: Papahulilani Hawn Astronomy I. Honolulu, HI.

[4] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa. 2019. "Class notes and handouts." HWST 271: Papahulilani Hawn Astronomy I. Honolulu, HI. ʻAʻole i hoʻopuka ʻo Malo i nā lāhui manu kikoʻī o kēia pōʻai.

[5] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa. 2019. "Class notes and handouts." HWST 271: Papahulilani Hawn Astronomy I. Honolulu, HI. ʻAʻole i hoʻopuka ʻo Malo i nā lāhui manu kikoʻī o kēia pōʻai.

[6] David Malo. 2020. The Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi of David Malo, Hawaiian Text and Translation. Edited by Charles Langlas and Jeffrey Lyon. Vol. 2. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press and Bishop Museum Press. ʻaoʻao 81 (kuhia o lalo #6)

[7] k.l.

Ke kūkulu lewa a Malo

He Mau Pōʻai Lewa ʻOkoʻa

ʻOkoʻa ka ʻike o Malo, a ʻokoʻa ka ʻike o Kamakau e pili ana i ke kūkulu lewa.[1] Ma ka ʻikepili i ʻohi ʻia mai kā Kamakau, ʻeono pōʻai lewa ma waena o ka paʻa i luna a me ka paʻa i lalo. Wehewehe ʻia ma lalo iho nei, a hōʻike ʻia i ka Pakuhi ma lalo.[2]

Ka Paʻa i luna: ʻO ia kahi pili i ka lani mai ka wēkiu loa o ka lewa a hiki i kahi o nā hōkū e kau ai.
Ka Lewa lani: ʻO ia ka pōʻai wēkiu o ka lewa. Pili nō kekahi mau akua he lehulehu me ka pōʻai lewa lani. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo Kanehekili, ʻo Kanewawahilani, ʻo Kahoalii, a me Kauilanuimakehaikalani, ʻo ia kekahi o ia mau akua.[3]
ʻO Kamakuʻialewa: ʻO ia ka lōʻihi kaulike mai ka lani iho, a mai ka honua aʻe. Kapa ʻia nō hoʻi ʻo kamakakuʻialewa a i ʻole ʻo kamakuʻikahialewa.
ʻO Keapoalewa: Ma lalo iho o kamakuʻialewa, aia ka pōʻai ʻo keapoalewa. E kokoke ana i ka pōʻai ea e hoʻopuni ana i ka honua.
Ka Lewa nuʻu: Ma lalo iho o keapoalewa, aia ka lewa nuʻu. ʻO ia kahi a nā manu e lele ai. ʻO nā akua o ka pōʻai lewa nuʻu, ua kapa ʻia nā akua o ka lani.[4]
Ka Hakaalewa: Inā, hoʻolewa iho kekahi kanaka i kona wāwae i ka manawa āna e paʻa ana i kekahi lālā kumulāʻau, aia kona wāwae ma loko o ka pōʻai hakaalewa.
Ka Lewa hoʻomakua: Inā, e kū ana kahi kanaka ma ka honua, a pupuʻu aʻe kekahi wāwae i luna, a koe kona wāwae ʻē aʻe pili ua ka honua, ʻo lewa hoʻomakua ka inoa o ia pōʻai. ʻO ia hoʻi, mai ka paʻa i lalo a i kahi o ia wāwae i luna.
Ka Paʻa i lalo: ʻO ia kahi pili paʻa i ka honua.

Paʻakikī paha ka hoʻohālike ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana kūkulu a Malo me kā Kamakau, no ka mea, ʻaʻole wehewehe ʻo Kamakau i ka pōʻai ma lalo o ka lewa nuʻu, a ma luna o ka hakaalewa. Kohu mea lā, ʻo ia ka pōʻai i kapa ʻia ʻo ka lewa lani lewa e Malo, eia naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo pono.

ʻOkoʻa ka ʻōnaehana o Malo, ʻokoa ka ʻōnaehana o Kamakau. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hea ka mea pololei? Inā loaʻa kekahi mau mana ʻokoʻa o nā moʻolelo Hawaiʻi kuʻuna, ua pololei nō paha ia mau mana a ʻelua. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua haʻi ʻia ua mau moʻolelo nei e nā kānaka ʻokoʻa nona nā manaʻo ʻokoʻa. Malia paha, e like me ia mau moʻolelo Hawaiʻi kuʻuna, pololei pū kā Malo lāua ʻo kā Kamakau. E kuʻu mea heluhelu, ʻaʻole e koho iho ana kou mea kākau i ka ʻōnaehana pololei. No laila, ua hoʻohana ʻia ia mau ʻōnaehana lā a ʻelua.

[1] Samuel Kamakau. 1869. "Ka Moolelo Hawaii." Ke Au Okoa, Nowemapa 4.

[2] From Ancestral Places: Understanding Kanaka Geographies, by Katrina-Ann R. Kapāʻanaokalāokeola Nākoa Oliveira, copyright © 2014. Used with permission of Oregon State University Press. ʻaoʻao 48-50. ʻAʻole kēia kaha kiʻi he kiʻi pālākiō.

[3] Samuel Kamakau. 1870. "Ka Moolelo Hawaii." Ke Au Okoa, Maraki 31: 1.

[4] k.l.

Ke kūkulu lewa a Kamakau

He nīnau hoihoi paha, he aha ke kiʻekiʻena o ia mau pōʻai? ʻAʻole i ana ʻia e Malo a i ʻole e Kamakau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana komohana o ka haole. He nīnau ʻano nui, ʻoiai, ʻokoʻa loa nō ke kuanaʻike haole, ʻokoʻa loa nō ke kuanaʻike Hawaiʻi. Pono anei paha ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ʻike Hawaiʻi ma loko o ka ʻōnaehana haole, a pono anei paha ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ʻike haole ma loko o ka ʻōnaehana Hawaiʻi? I ke kuanaʻike o ka haole, ʻo ka ʻepekema wale nō ka mea e hōʻike ana i nā mea ʻoiaʻiʻo. I ke kuanaʻike o ka Hawaiʻi, aia nā mea ʻoiaʻiʻo like ʻole he nui. ʻO kekahi pahuhopu o kēia papahana nei, ʻo ia nō ke kāwili ʻana i kekahi mau ʻikepili o ko ka haole kuanaʻike me ko ka Hawaiʻi kuanaʻike e pili ana i nā ʻano ānuenue a me ko lākou ʻōʻili ʻana mai. No laila, i kēia mokuna nei, e koho ʻia ana ke kiʻekiʻena pōʻai ma o kekahi ʻano kālailai ʻokoʻa. Hoʻomaka iho kēia kālailai ʻana i ka pōʻai haʻahaʻa loa ʻo Lewa hoʻomakua. E hōʻike ʻia kona ʻano ma lalo iho nei.

Ka lewa hoʻomakua: ʻOkoʻa ka wehwewehena a Malo, ʻokoʻa ka wehewehe ʻana a Kamakau e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia pōʻai. E like me ka wehewehena o luna aʻe, wahi a Kamakau, e kū ana kekahi kanaka ma ka honua, a pupuʻu aʻe kekahi wāwae i luna, a paʻa kekahi wāwae i ka honua.[1] ʻO kēia kiʻekiʻe, ma kahi paha ia o ʻelua kapuaʻi. Wahi a Malo, inā i paʻa ke kanaka i kekahi kumu lāʻau a lewa kona mau wāwae, ʻo ia ka lewa hoʻomakua.[2] ʻO ke kumu lāʻau hea kā Malo o ke kuhi ʻana? Eia kekahi mahuʻi: ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu Koa ma mua o nā kumu ʻē aʻe, a ulu paha ia a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe he 115 kapuaʻi.[3] A mai ka lālā hea e lewa ai nā wāwae? Inā, paʻa kekahi kanaka (ma kahi o 6 kapuaʻi kona kiʻekiʻe) i kekahi lālā haʻahaʻa (ma kahi paha o 10 kapuaʻi ke kiʻekiʻe), e lewa ana kona wāwae ma kahi o 4 kapuaʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻia e kekahi kumu ʻē aʻe,[4] aia ka pōʻai lewa hoʻomakua e holo ana mai ke kumu o kekahi kumu lāʻau pōkole (a i ʻole ke poʻo kanaka) a hiki i ka wēlau o ke kumu lāʻau kiʻekiʻe (ʻo ke kumu Koa paha), ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi ia o 115 kaupaʻi. Me he mea lā, ʻaʻole i hoʻoloa a hiki i 115 kapuaʻi ma muli o nā wehewehena o nā pōʻai lewa ʻē aʻe. No laila, no kēia papahana nei, ʻo ka mahuʻi ʻana no ke kiʻekiʻena, he ʻekolu paha kapuaʻi o ka lewa hoʻomakua.
Ka hakaalewa: Ma ka ʻikepili i ʻohi ʻia ma loko mai o kā Kamakau puke, inā, e hoʻolewa iho kekahi kanaka i kona wāwae i ka manawa āna e paʻa ana i kekahi lālā kumulāʻau, aia kona wāwae ma loko o ka pōʻai hakaalewa. No laila, he 4 kapuaʻi paha ke kiʻekiʻe (a nānā ʻia ka wehewehena no ka lewa hoʻomakua ma luna aʻe nei).
Ka lewa lani lewa: ʻAʻole hoʻopuka ʻo Kamakau i kēia pōʻai. ʻO Malo wale nō kai hāpai i ia manaʻo. Aia ia ma lalo o ka lewa nuʻu. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻopuka ʻia e kekahi kumu ʻē aʻe, [5] mai ka wēlau o ke kumu lāʻau kiʻekiʻe a i ke kumu o nā ao, aia ka pōʻai lewa lani lewa. Loaʻa ka ʻohu a me ka noe i loko o kēia pōʻai a ʻo ia ka pōʻai a nā manu liʻiliʻi e lele aʻe ai. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia kiʻekiʻena no ke kuhi ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lewa lani lewa. ʻO ka piha ʻekelo, he lele ʻo ia a hiki i 9,800 kapuaʻi ma luna o ka ʻilikai.[6] ʻO ka ʻiʻiwi, he 4,100 kapuaʻi,[7] a ʻo ka ʻamakihi, he 9,500 kapuaʻi.[8] Hiki nō hoʻi ke hoʻohana ʻia ka huina he iwakālua i hōʻike ʻia ma loko o ka Pakuhi 9 i mea e akāka ai. Ma ka huina iwakālua ma luna o ka hālāwai, ʻo ia ke kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 6,000 kapuaʻi. He 7,300 kapuaʻi ka ʻawelika o ia mau ʻikepili kiʻekiʻena . No laila, aia paha nā palena o ka lewa lani lewa ma waena o 3 a 7,300 kapuaʻi.
Ka lewa nuʻu: ʻO kēia ka pōʻai a nā manu nui e lele ai.[9] ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ka mōlī ʻoe, ke kaʻupu ʻoe, ka ʻā ʻoe, ka ʻiwa ʻoe, a pēlā aku. Lele pinepine ka ʻiwa ma kahi o 13,000 kapuaʻi ke kiʻekiʻe.[10] ʻO ke kōlea, hiki iā ia ke lele aʻe a i 16,000 kapuaʻi.[11] He 14,500 kapuaʻi ka ʻawelika o ia mau kiʻekiʻena lele. No laila, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻena o ka lewa nuʻu, ʻo ia paha ma waena o 7,300 a me 14,500 kapuaʻi ma luna o ka paʻi i lalo.
ʻO keapoalewa: Aia ia ma waena o nā pōʻai lewa nuʻu a me kamakuʻialewa. No laila, ma waena paha o 14,500 a me 30,000 kapuaʻi ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia pōʻai (no 30,000 kapuaʻi, e nānā ʻia ke kālailai no kamakuʻialewa ma lalo iho nei).
ʻO kamakuʻialewa: ʻO ia ka lōʻihi kaulike mai ka lani iho, a mai ka honua aʻe. Inā aia ka wēkiu o ka lewa lani ma ke kapuaʻi he 60,000 (e nānā i ka wehewehena no ka lewa lani), a laila, he 30,000 kapuaʻi paha ke kiʻekiʻena o kēia pōʻai. ʻOiai, aia kēia pōʻai ma lalo pono o ka Lewa lani, ma waena o 30,000 a me 60,000 kapuaʻi ke kiʻekiʻena.

Pakuhi 1. Nā kiʻekiʻe mahuʻi o nā pōʻai lewa

Ka lewa lani: ʻO ka pōʻai kiʻekiʻe loa ka lewa lani. Aia ia pōʻai mai ka wēlau o ke ao wēkiu a hiki i ka palena o ka lewa.[12] He aha ke kiʻekiʻena o ka lewa? He 60,000 kapuaʻi paha ka wēkiu loa o nā ao.[13] E manaʻo ʻia paha, ʻo kēia ka wēkiu o ka lewa. Eia naʻe, wahi a kekahi hōʻike, he 100 km (328,000 kapuaʻi) ka wēkiu o ka lewa e kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka laina ʻo Karmin.[14] No kēia pepa nei, he 60,000 kapuaʻi o ka wēkiu o ka lewa lani.

Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ia kālailaina ma loko o ka Pakuhi 9 (ma ke kolamu ʻākau). He aha ka waiwai o kēia mau hopena? Hiki paha ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻohālike ʻana i ke kuanaʻike Hawaiʻi me ke kuanaʻike ʻepekema komohana no ka ʻike ʻana i nā kūlana o nā ʻano ānuenue like ʻole ma ka lewa. He kāwili ʻana nō hoʻi ia mau kuanaʻike he ʻelua, a malia paha, hiki nō hoʻi ke hoʻohana ʻia i mea e unuhi ai i ke ʻano o kekahi ānuenue a kākou e nānā ana. Wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻano hana i loko o ka Mokuna 6 o lalo iho.

[1] Samuel Kamakau. 1869. "Ka Moolelo Hawaii." Ke Au Okoa, Novemaba 4: 1

[2] David Malo. 2020. The Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi of David Malo, Ka ʻŌlelo Kumu. Edited by Jeffrey Lyon. Vol. 1. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press and Bishop Museum Press. ʻaoʻao 139.

[3] n.d. DLNR. Hawaii.gov. State of Hawaiʻi. Accessed November 2022. https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/forestry/info/big-tree/koa/#:~:text=Koa%20is%20the%20largest%20native,heights%20of%20approximately%20115%20fet.

[4] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa. 2019. "Class notes and handouts." HWST 271: Papahulilani Hawn Astronomy I. Honolulu, HI.

[5] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa. 2019. "Class notes and handouts." HWST 271: Papahulilani Hawn Astronomy I. Honolulu, HI.

[6] Moumita Dutta. 2022. Myna Bird Facts. 10 20. Accessed November 26, 2022. https://kidadl.com/facts/animals/myna-bird-facts.

[7] n.d. DLNR. Native Birds of Hawaiʻi: ʻIʻiwi. State of Hawaiʻi. Accessed November 26, 2022.https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/birds/iiwi/.

[8] n.d. DLNR. Native Birds of Hawaiʻi: ʻamakihi. State of Hawaiʻi. Accessed November 26, 2022. https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/birds/hawaii-amakihi/.

[9] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa. 2019. "Class notes and handouts." HWST 271: Papahulilani Hawn Astronomy I. Honolulu, HI.

[10] H. Weimerskirch, et al. 2016. Frigate birds: In the air for months at a time. Accessed November 2022. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/07/160701120733.htm#:~:text=In%20order%20to%20glide%20over,take%20advantage%20of%20strong%20updrafts.

[11] Oscar W. Johnson, and Susan Scott. 2016. Hawai'i's Kōlea: The Amazing Transpacific Life of the Pacific Golden-Plover. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press.

[12] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa. 2019. "Class notes and handouts." HWST 271: Papahulilani Hawn Astronomy I. Honolulu, HI.

[13] NOAA. n.d. The Four Core Types of Clouds . National Weather Service. Accessed November 2022. https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/corefour.

[14] Nadia Drake. n.d. Where, exactly, is the edge of space? It depends on who you ask. Accessed November 2022. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/where-is-the-edge-of-space-and-what-is-the-karman-line.

Nā Kahiki o ka Lā

I ka lā e kaʻahele ana i kona ala i ka lani, aia he mau inoa e pili ana i kona kūlana. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia nā pōʻai Kahiki. ʻEiwa pōʻai o ke ala lā, a ʻo ka inoa māhele mua o kēlā me kēia pōʻai, ʻo ia ʻo Kahiki. ʻO Kahiki, ʻo ia nā kūlana ala ao o ka lā. Wehewehe ʻia ia mau pōʻai Kahiki e Malo, a hōʻike ʻia nō hoʻi ma lalo iho nei,[1] a ma loko o ka Pakuhi 10.

ʻO Kahikimoe Kahi (Ao): Aia ke kūlana o ka lā ma lalo o ka hālāwai i ka hikina.
ʻO Kahikikū (Ao): Aia ke kūlana o ka lā ma luna pono o ka hālāwai i ka hikina.
ʻO Kahikikepapanuʻu (Lā): I ka manawa o ka lā e kau aʻe ai i ka huina he iwakālua ma luna o ka hālāwai, kapa ʻia ʻo Kahikikepapanuʻu. ʻO ia ka manawa nona ka inoa ʻo Lā. I ka lā e neʻe aʻe ana mai ke kūlana ʻo Kahikikū ao a i ke kūlana ʻo Kahikikepapanuʻu (Lā), ʻo kēlā neʻe ʻana, kapa ʻia ʻo Keʻe.[2]
ʻO Kahikikepapalani (Kakahiaka): I ka manawa o ka lā e kau aʻe ana i kēia kūlana i ke kakahiaka, kapa ʻia ʻo Kahikikepapalani.
ʻO Kahikikapuihōlanikekuʻina: Aia ka lā ma luna pono i kēia manawa. ʻO kēia inoa ʻo Kahiki-kapu-i-Hōlani-ke-kuʻina, he wahi kapu ma Hōlani. He wahi mea hoʻokalakupua ʻo Hōlani ma loko o nā ʻōlelo kahiko loa.[3]
ʻO Kahikikepapalani (ʻAuinalā): I ka manawa o ka lā e kau iho ana i kēia kūlana i ka ʻauinalā, kapa ʻia ʻo Kahikikepapalani.
ʻO Kahikikepapanuʻu (Napoʻo): I ka manawa o ka lā e kau iho ana i ka huina he iwakālua ma luna o ka hālāwai i ka ʻauinalā, kapa ʻia ʻo Kahikikepapanuʻu. ʻO ia ka manawa ʻo Napoʻo. I ka lā e neʻe iho ana mai ke kūlana ʻo Kahikikepapanuʻu a i ke kūlana ʻo Kahikikū ahiahi, ʻo kēlā neʻe ʻana, kapa ʻia ʻo Keʻe.
ʻO Kahikikū ahiahi: Aia ke kūlana o ka lā ma luna aʻe o ka hālāwai i ke komohana.
ʻO Kahikimoe ʻAno Ahiahi: Aia ke kūlana o ka lā ma lalo o ka hālāwai i ke komohana.

Nā Kahiki o ka lā

I ka lā e kaʻahele ana ma waena o Kahikikepapanuʻu (Lā a i ʻole Napoʻo) a me Kahikikū (Ao a i ʻole Ahiahi), ʻo ia ka manawa o ke alaula. ʻO ke alaula ka malama o ka wanaʻao a me ka napoʻo o ka lā. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo alaula, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia, ʻo ia nō ʻo ala ʻula a i ʻole aka ʻula. ʻO ia ka malama ʻula o ia mau manawa. ʻO ia ka manawa o nā ʻano ānuenue nona ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻula he nui e ʻōʻili pinepine ai. E nānā i ka Mokuna 5 o lalo iho.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ia mau pōʻai Kahiki no nā mea like ʻole e kaʻahele ana ma luna o ka ʻili aouli. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo nā hōkū ʻoe, ka mahina ʻoe, nā hōkū hele ʻoe, a pēlā wale aku. No ka mea, he mau inoa ʻokoʻa nā kūlana ala ao no nā mea o ka pō.[4]

Ka Pilina ma waena o nā Pōʻai Lewa a me nā Pōʻai Kahiki o ka Lā:

ʻOiai, ʻokoʻa nā inoa pōʻai Kahiki, a ʻokoʻa hoʻi nā inoa pōʻai lewa, he nīnau nui paha e kupu mai ana, ʻo ia hoʻi, he aha ka pilina o ia mau inoa a ʻelua, a pehea kākou e ʻike ai i ke kiʻekiʻena o ia mau pōʻai ke pili kekahi i kekahi? Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi ʻano hana maikaʻi no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pilina a me nā kūlana o ia mau pōʻai lewa me ka pōʻai Kahiki ma loko o ka Pakuhi 11 a me ka Pakuhi 12. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana a Malo no kēia ʻano hana. Aia ka pōʻai lewa ʻo Lewa hoʻomakua ma waena o Kahikimoe a me Kahikikū. Aia ka pōʻai lewa ʻo Lewa lani lewa ma waena o Kahikikū a me Kahikikepapanuʻu. Aia ka pōʻai lewa ʻo Lewa nuʻu ma waena o Kahikikepapanuʻu a me Kahikikepapalani. Aia ka pōʻai lewa ʻo Lewa lani ma waena o

Pakuhi 3. Nā pōʻai lewa a me nā ʻāpana Kahiki

Kahikikepapalani a me Kahikikapuihōlanikekuʻina.[5]

Hiki paha ke noʻonoʻo ʻia kahi ʻōlelo hoʻohālike haole no ka pilina o nā pōʻai lewa me nā pōʻai Kahiki. ʻO ia hoʻi ia mea ʻo ka snow globe. Kaʻahele ka lā ma ke ala o nā pōʻai Kahiki ma ka ʻili aouli, e like me ke aniani o ka snow globe. ʻO ke ānuenue, ʻōʻili ia ma loko o nā pōʻai lewa, e like me ka hau ma loko o ke aniani.

He Mau Manaʻo Pani

Akamai nō nā kūpuna, a hoihoi nō hoʻi kā lākou kūkulu ʻana i nā pōʻai lewa a me nā pōʻai Kahiki kekahi. He mea waiwai ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ia mau pōʻai i ka manawa o kekahi ānuenue e ʻōʻili ai i loko o ka lewa. No ka mea, he mea kōkua ia no ka unuhi ʻana i ke ʻano o ia ānuenue a me kona hōʻailona a i ʻole kona ʻōuli.

[1] David Malo. 2020. The Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi of David Malo, Hawaiian Text and Translation. Edited by Charles Langlas and Jeffrey Lyon. Vol. 2. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press and Bishop Museum Press. ʻAoʻao 80.

Hōʻike wale nō ʻo Malo i kēia mau Kahiki he ʻelima, eia naʻe, ʻo ka ʻehā i koe, like a like nā inoa ma hope o ka neʻe ʻana o ka lā ma hope o ke awakea. E hahai ʻia ana ka pela ʻia o nā Kahiki e hōʻike ʻia ma loko o ke paʻi hou ʻia (2020) o kā Malo, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea nona nā kahakō a me nā ʻokina. Aia kekahi mau pela ʻokoʻa ʻana ma loko kā Kamakau, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo Kahikikeʻapapanuʻu, ʻo Kahikikeʻapapalani.

[2] k.l

[3] k.l

[4] k.l

[5] k.l