Ka ʻĀlewalewa, Ka Pūnohu a me Ka Pūnohu ʻula
Ua hoʻohui ʻia ka ʻālewalewa, ka pūnohu, a me ka pūnohu ʻula, ma loko o kēia māhele nei, ma muli o ko lākou pilina wehena ʻole. Kākaʻikahi ke kupu hoʻokahi ʻana o ka ʻālewalewa. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, aia kona kupu ʻana mai i ia wā hoʻokahi nō me ko ka pūnohu, a me ka pūnohu ʻula
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻālewalewa
He aha ia mea he ʻālewalewa ? Eia ka wehewehena ma loko o nā puke wehewehe: [1]
Pukui/Elbert: vs. lana, ʻālana.
Andrews: s. He ao a i ʻole he uahi e lana ana i ka lewa; hookaa ka punohu ka alewalewa.
Malia paha, he inoa ʻokoʻa ka ʻālewalewa no ke ʻano ānuenue pūloʻu, no ka mea, ua hoʻākāka ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻālewalewa e kekahi kumu, a like ia me ka wehewehena o ka pūloʻu.[2] No laila, eia nā welo o ka ʻālewalewa:
ʻO ka welo mua: He ānuenue haʻahaʻa
ʻO nā welo kūlana ʻelua: He piʻo hapa, ʻaʻole pā nā wāwae i ka honua a i ke kai paha
He ʻālewalewa (na Hoaloha Westcott)
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka pūnohu, pūnohu ʻula
He aha ia mea he pūnohu, pūnohu ʻula? Eia ka wehewehena ma loko o nā puke wehewehe:
Pukui/Elbert: 2. n. He ānuenue haʻahaʻa ia, aia ma kahi kokoke i ka honua.
ʻO ka welo mua: He ānuenue haʻahaʻa ia, aia ma kahi kokoke i ka honua
ʻO nā welo kūlana ʻelua: He ānuenue nona ka hapa nui o nā waihoʻoluʻu a pau
He ānuenue ʻulaʻula ma ka hapa nui (pūnohu ʻula)
Nui ʻino nō nā pūnohu i ʻōʻili ma loko o nā moʻolelo kuʻuna Hawaiʻi. Eia kekahi, ʻo kekahi mea e pono ai ka noiʻi maiau ʻana i ka pūnohu, ʻo ia ka nānā ʻana i kekahi mau wehewehena no ka huaʻōlelo pūnohu. I ka manawa, he uhiwai, a i ʻole he uahi ka pūnohu, a i kekahi manawa, he ānuenue haʻahaʻa ka pūnohu. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo pūnohu, ʻo ia kahi māpumanaʻo no ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻula ma loko o ka naʻau. [3] I kekahi manawa nō hoʻi, kākau ʻia ka huaʻōlelo pūnohu ʻula. No laila, like pū paha ka pūnohu me ka pūnohu ʻula. ʻO ka pūnohu ʻula kekahi o nā kino/hiʻohiʻona he kanahā o Kāne (E Kāne i ka pūnohu ʻula).[4] Eia kekahi, ma loko o ka moʻolelo no Kamaakamahiʻai, he kino lau pūnohu ʻula ko Kalanamainuʻu (he moʻo).[5] He kino lau nō hoʻi ka pūnohu ʻula no Lono. ʻIke ʻia ka pūnohu ʻula a me kekahi mau kino lau ʻē aʻe o Lono i ka hoʻomaka o ka Makahiki, ʻo ia ka hōʻea ʻana mai o ka manawa o Lono. ʻO ia mau kino lau, ʻo ia ka ʻōnohi ʻula, ka uakoko, ke ao mākoko, ke ānuenue, a me ka ʻālewalewa.[6] Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ia mau kino lau ma loko o kekakhi mau lālani o ka pule ʻo He Pule no Lono, penei:
“…Hina akula o Lono.
Ke aka o Lono i Kahiki.
Hina ae la ka pae opua,
I ka hiki’na o Lono.
Hina ae la ka onohiula,
I ka hiki’na o Lono.
Hina ae ka punohuula,
I ka hiki’na o Lono.
Hina ae la ka uakoko,
I ka hiki’na o Lono.
Hina ae la ke ao makoko,
I ka hiki’na o Lono.
Hina ae la ke anuenue,
I ka hiki’na o Lono.
Hina ae la ka alewalewa,
I ka hiki’na o Lono.
Hina ae la ka opua kiikii…”[7]
He pūnohu ʻula (na Maria1986nyc | Dreamstime.com)
He pūnohu (nā Kelly Hedrick | Dreamstime.com))
Pili ka pūnohu ʻula i kekahi ua, a i ʻole, he hōʻailona ia no ka ua koke ʻana o ka ua.[8] Hōʻike ʻia kahi pūnohu ʻula ma loko o ke Kiʻi o luna hema a me kahi pūnohu ma loko o ke Kiʻi o luna ʻākau. He ānuenue haʻahaʻa ka pūnohu, pūnohu ʻula. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole wehewehe ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī o ka pūnohu, pūnohu ʻula ma loko o nā puke wehewehe. No laila, he nīnau hoihoi paha, he piʻo ānuenue hapa ka pūnohu, a i ʻole he hunahuna ānuenue ka pūnohu? Eia naʻe, me he mea lā, he hunahuna ānuenue ka pūnohu, akā, he hunahuna ānuenue haʻahaʻa e kau ana ma kahi kokoke i ka moana a i ʻole ka ʻāina.[9] Eia kekahi, ma ke kuanaʻike o kahi kumu, ʻōʻili wale nō ka pūnohu ma luna o ke kai, a ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻano ānuenue e ʻōʻili ana ma luna o ke kai, kapa ʻia he pūnohu.[10] Eia hou naʻe, he mau laʻana ko nā moʻolelo kuʻuna no ka ʻōʻili ʻana o kekahi pūnohu ma luna o ka ʻāina.[11] ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike leʻa ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī o ka pūnohu ma muli o nā manaʻo ʻokoʻa o nā kūmole like ʻole. Akā, ma loko o nā moʻolelo kuʻuna a me nā mele kuʻuna, nui ʻino nō nā laʻana o ka ʻōʻili ʻana o kekahi pūnohu e kū ana i ka moana. He meheu paha ke kū ʻana o nā pūnohu. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole piʻo ka pūnohu, kū ka pūnohu. Eia he laʻana mai ka moʻolelo o Lāʻieikawai: I kekahi manawa i ʻōʻili aʻe ai kekahi pūnohu a me kekahi piʻo ānuenue ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona no ka noho ʻana o Lāʻieikawai ma ka mokupuni ʻo Molokaʻi. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻano ānuenue he ʻelua e ka makāula, penei: “I ka lā a ua makāula nei i haʻalele ai iā Kaʻala, hiki mua aku ʻo ia i luna o Kuamoʻokāne, aia hoʻi, e piʻo ana ke ānuenue o Molokaʻi, e kū ana ka pūnohu i uhi paʻa ʻia e nā ao hekili.”[12]
Malia paha, na ka mea nānā ia e hōʻike ai i nā hiʻohiʻona pūnohu. No kēia papahana nei, he hunahuna ānuenue ka pūnohu e kau ana i ke kūlana haʻahaʻa ma luna o ka honua. He piʻo a i ʻole he hunahuna.
Nā pōʻai lewa o ka pūnohu, pūnohu ʻula e ʻōʻili ai
ʻO ka wehewehena no ka pūnohu, he ānuenue haʻahaʻa ia, aia ma kahi kokoke i ka honua. Eia naʻe, he aha ke kiʻekiʻena o ka pūnohu ma luna o ka honua? E like me ka wehewehe ʻana i loko o ka māhele o luna aʻe, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻena loa o ko ka pūnohu wēkiu, ma kahi ia o nā kapuaʻi he 3400 – 4800 kapuaʻi ma luna o ka paʻa i lalo. Aia ma kekahi hapa o ka pōʻai lewa lani lewa.
Nā manawa o ka pūnohu, pūnohu ʻula e ʻōʻili ai
Like paha nā manawa o ka pūnohu, pūnohu ʻula e ʻōʻili ai me ka uakoko. Pili ka pūnohu me ka ua, a ʻo ke akua o ka pūnohu ʻula, ʻo ia ʻo Kāne-i-ka-pūnohuʻula[13] I kekahi manawa, ua kāhea ʻia nā ʻano ānuenue like ʻole e kahi akua/kupua i mea e kōkua mai ai lākou. Eia kekahi laʻana, iā Kamapuaʻa e hoʻomākaukau ana i kekahi kaua, ua kāhea ʻo ia i kona kino akua i ka lani no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka ua, penei:
“Iho mai ana ka ua i lalo nei,
E kuu kino akua i ka lani,
E ka haka lei o Paoa
E mahele ana e ka ua e ka la,
E ka alewalewa,
E ka Punohu nui a kea,
I haule ai ka lani i ka honua
I hookaakaa ai ka lani e ua,...” [14]
Ua oli ʻia kauwahi pule no kekahi wahi a i ʻole kekahi hanana, e laʻa kahi pule no Laka. Oli ʻia ia pule e nā ʻōlapa i ka manawa o lākou e komo iho ana i ka hālau hula.
“Kū ka pūnohu ʻula i ka moana
Hele ke ehu kai, uhi i ka ʻāina
ʻŌlapa ka uila, noho i Kahiki
ʻUʻina, nākolo
ʻUwā ka pihe
Lau kanaka ka hula
E Laka ē” [15]
Nā hōʻailona o ka ʻālewalewa a me ka pūnohu, pūnohu ʻula
Nā hōʻailona o ka pūnohu a me ka pūnohu ʻula
He ʻumi kumamākolu hōʻailona like ʻole o ka pūnohu, pūnohu ʻula ma loko o nā kūmole i kālailai ʻia. Hōʻike ʻia ma loko o ka Pakuhi o luna aʻe. ʻOi aku ka huinanui (he 23) o nā hōʻailona pili i kekahi neʻe ʻana ma mua o ko nā hui ʻē aʻe. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ia hōʻike haʻihelu hoʻoili no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka huinanui o nā hui hōʻailona he ʻelima e pili ana kekahi i kekahi. ʻO ka hopena, hōʻole ʻia ke kuhiakau kūpapa. No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hōʻailona o kekahi mau hui hōʻailona ma mua o nā hui ʻē aʻe.[16] ʻO ka hui hea? Malia paha, ʻo nā hui nona nā hōʻailona pili i kekahi neʻe ʻana.
Ua ʻike maka ʻia kahi pūnohu ʻula e kekahi kumu. Wānana ʻia he ōlaʻi ke nei ana ma muli o ka ʻōʻili mai o ia pūnohu ʻula. Ua ʻike ʻia ma luna o Kalaeloa i ka lā 10 o Malaki 2011, ma ka hola 7:05 kakahiaka. Ua wānana ia kumu i kekahi ōlaʻi, a i kekahi lā aʻe, hū aʻela ka haʻalulu honua ʻana ma Iāpana ma muli o ke ōlaʻi nunui ma Tohoku.[17]
Inā ʻōʻili ka pūnohu, pūnohu ʻula, a me ka ʻālewalewa kekahi ma hope o kekahi, he hōʻailona ia no ka hiki ʻana mai o kekahi ʻoʻolokū. ʻOkoʻa kēlā wā, ʻokoʻa kēia wā, no ka mea, ma mua o ka napoʻo o ka lā, ʻōʻili ka ʻālewalewa, a laila, ka pūnohu. Hōʻike ʻia ia kaʻina ma loko o nā kiʻi o lalo iho. Ua paʻi kiʻi ʻia ia mau kiʻi ma Waiākea ma ka moku o Keawe, a i kekahi lā aʻe, uhi ʻia ka wēkiu o Maunakea lāua ʻo Maunaloa i ka hau.[18]
He ʻālewalewa (na Kalei Nuʻuhiwa). He pūnohu (na Kalei Nuʻuhiwa)
Ma mua o ka piʻina o ka lā, ʻo ia helu papa, ʻōʻili ka pūnohu ʻula, a laila ka ʻālewalewa. Hōʻike ʻia ia kaʻina ma loko o nā kiʻi o lalo iho. Ua paʻi kiʻi ʻia ia mau kiʻi ma ka mokupuni ʻo Mokumanamana. A ma ia pō, ua ʻōʻili mai kekahi ʻihiʻawaʻawa nui, kuʻi ka hekili, ua ka ua, ʻōlapa ka uila, a ua pā ka mokupuni a me ka moana i ka uila.[19]
He pūnohu ʻula (na Kalei Nuʻuhiwa) He ʻālewalewa (na Kalei Nuʻuhiwa)
Ka hiki mai auaneʻi o kekahi mōʻī, aliʻi, ʻeʻepa, kupua, akua:
Ma loko o kā Fornander, “Ina e ku ka punohu i ka moana a i ole ka aina paha, alaila e maopopo auanei i na kakaolelo o ke alii, he alii nui ka mea nona kela hoailona, he alii aimoku paha. Aole nae e pili keia hoailona ma kahi e noho mau ai na ’lii. Aia a hele aku ke alii ma kahi e aku, malaila e ike ia ai keia hoailona. Penei: Ina paha i Hawaii ke kahuna kahi i noho ai, a i ole ke kakaolelo paha, a ina i ikeia ka punohu i ka moana, alaila e olelo auanei ke kahuna, “Owai la keia alii e holo mai nei i ka moana? Eia la he alii nui.””[20]
Ka hānau ʻia ʻana o nā mōʻī, nā aliʻi kiʻekiʻe, ʻeʻepa:
ʻO ka moʻolelo o Laukaieie, he moʻolelo kuʻuna ia, a i ka manawa i hānau ʻia ai ʻo Laukaieie, ʻōʻili kekahi pūnohu ʻula, a hōʻike ʻia ma loko o kekahi lālani mele, penei:
“Na po mahina keia
E hoomanao ae ia Hilo
Kukahi, Kulua, Kukolu
O ka ua-koko kai ka moana
O ka punohu ula i ka wai
O ka’u ia la i lohe oe.”[21]
He mau hōʻailona kupanaha nā mea i haku ʻia ma loko o nā lālani o ia mele no kona hānau ʻia ʻana.
Ka haʻalele ʻana o ke aliʻi, akua:
E haʻalele aku ana ʻo Kaumailiula, Keaomelemele, a me Paliuli iā Kuaihelani no ka pae moku ʻo Hawaiʻi. Ma hope o kā lākou hoʻomākaukau ʻana ma ka ʻae kai no ka huakaʻi, hoʻomau akula ka moʻolelo penei: “Ia Kaumailiula i kau ae ai ma luna o kona mau waa, oia no ka wa a ka punohu a me ka ua koko i halii iho ai ma luna o ua wahi nei.”[22]
Ka nohona o kekahi aliʻi, mōʻī, ʻeʻepa, kupua, akua, ʻuhane:
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Kahuelokū ma ke ʻano he ʻaluʻalu, a laila, wahī ʻia a kau ʻia ʻo ia ma loko o kekahi ʻumeke, a ma muli o kona hānau ʻaluʻalu, manaʻo ʻia e kanu ʻia ua ʻaluʻalu nei. Eia naʻe, i ia wā ʻānō iho nō, pā ʻokoʻa maila ka makani kīkīao, ʻōlapa ka uila, a kuʻi ka hekili. No laila, ua kau ʻia ua ʻumeke nei ma luna o ke kaupoku. I ia hope koke iho, hōʻea maila kahi ʻelemakule i ka hale o nā mākua o ua keiki ʻaluʻalu nei. ʻOiai lākou e kiʻei ana i luna o ke kaupoku i kahi i kau ʻia ai ka ʻaluʻalu, ʻōʻili kekahi pūnohu: “I kēlā wā i huli like aʻe ai ko lākou mau maka a pau i kaupoku. Ke ʻike akula nō lākou i ka ʻula pūnohu mai o kekahi mea i luna o kaupoku, kokoke i ka pouomano (ʻo ia ka pou waena o ka hale). “ʻO kēlā nō e ʻula maila, ʻo ia nō ua pūʻolo ʻaluʻalu nei,” i pane hou mai ai ʻo Mālaialani i nā wahi kahu hānai.”[23]
Ke kō ʻana o kekahi wānana:
Mai ka moʻolelo o Lāʻieikawai, i ka puanaʻī o lalo iho nei, lehulehu nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o kekahi wānana. E laʻa ka piʻo ānuenue a me ka pūnohu, penei: “Hoʻokahi anahulu ma hope iho o ko Kahalaomāpuana hoʻi ʻana mai mai Keʻalohilani mai, i ia manawa, hiki maila ka hōʻailona mua a ko lākou kaikunāne e like me ke kauoha i kona kaikuahine. Pēlā i hoʻāʻo liʻiliʻi ai nā hōʻailona i loko o nā lā ʻelima, a ʻo ke ono o ka lā, kuʻi ka hekili, ua ka ua, kaikoʻo ka moana, waikahe ka ʻāina, ʻōlapa ka uila, uhi ka noe, piʻo ke ānuenue, kū ka pūnohu i ka moana. I ia manawa, ʻōlelo aku ka makāula, “E aʻu mau kaikamāhine, ua hiki mai ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o kuʻu wānana e like me kaʻu ʻōlelo mua iā ʻoukou.””[24]
Ka ʻaʻahu ʻia o kekahi aliʻi:
Ma loko o ka moʻolelo o Keaomelemele: “...a kahea aela oia i ka punohu a me ka ua koko i kapa no ke keiki e wahi aʻe ai, he manawa ole, ku ana keia mau mea elua a lilo akula ia laua ka paa ana, a no keia manawa i loli ano e ae ai ua wahine nei a nalo wale akula."[25]
He ʻōuli/wānana:
Ma loko o kekahi ʻatikala nūpepa: Ua paʻi ʻia ka moʻo pukana a Waiamau mai ka lā 12 o Ianuali a i ka lā 23 o Kēkēmapa i ka makahiki 1865. Ma loko o ka ʻatikala o ka lā 16 o Kepakemapa, ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻoihana hoʻomana a me ke kilokilo ʻana i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana e holo lōʻihi ma ka moana, e like me ka holo ʻana mai Hawaiʻi a i Oʻahu, a i Kauaʻi paha. Wehewehe ʻia ka hana i ke ahiahi ma mua o ka haʻalele ʻana, penei. “...aia ma ke ahiahi ka hapai ana i keia hana. Penei ka hana ana, e mama ka awa, kalua ka puaa, a wali ka awa, moa no hoi ka puaa, a pau i ka okiokiia a waiho ma na pa-laau i hoohinuhinuia, a ku no hoi na apu awa. A makaukau keia mau mea, alaila, o ka pule no ia o ke kahuna i ke akua o ka poe holo waa, a pau ka pule ana, ai no hoi a pau ka ai ana, nana aku ke kahuna i ke aouli, ina i ku ke anuenue a i pio mamua o ka waa, a o ka punohu paha, alaila, i aku ke kahuna, aole e pono ke holo o make auanei ma ka moana; a ina hoi i nana aku oia i ka opua, aole he ku maikai mai, ua lele ino ke ao, ua moku moku liilii na opua i ka lewa; olelo hou no ke kahuna aole e holo o make no, Aka hoi, ina e nana ke kahuna a i ku ka punohu mahope o ka waa, nee hoi ka ua koko, pio ke anuenue, a maikai hoi ke ku ana mai o na opua, alaila; i aku ke kahuna, ae, ua maikai, aole no he mea nana e keakea mai;...”[26]
Ka ʻoluʻolu o nā akua i ka mōhai a i ʻole ka pule:
Ma loko o kekahi ʻatikala nūpepa: "Hoka iho la nohoi a kihee i ka apu awa. Iaia e kihee ana i ka awa i ke ka ke kawewe la na hua pule ma kona waha. Oia hele no ia a pau ka pule ana a ua Makuakaumana nei kua ana ka punohu i Hawaii; a poha hou ana he punohu i Tahiti."[27]
He hōʻailona no ke kū mai o kekahi aliʻi/akua:
Ma loko o ka moʻolelo o Hiʻiakaikapoliopele: No laila, ʻaʻole hiki iā Hiʻiaka ke ʻike aku a hoʻomaopopo ʻo kēia pūnohu lei kōkōʻula e neʻe aʻe nei ma ka moana, ʻo ke kaikunāne nō ia o lākou, ʻo ia ʻo Kānemilohae, me ka ʻuhane o ke kāne, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Lohiʻau.[28]
He ʻōlelo hoʻohālike/wāwae/hōʻailona no kekahi aliʻi/akua:
“Ina e ku ka punohu i ka moana a i ole ka aina paha, alaila e maopopo auanei i na kakaolelo o ke alii, he alii nui ka mea nona kela hoailona, he alii aimoku paha. [29]
He ala ānuenue i ka mahina/lewa/pali/ola ma hope:
Ma loko o ka moʻolelo o Keaomelemele: "Ia Ku ma i puka aʻe ai a huli a nana ae la i luna i ka lewa, aia hoi ke anuenue me ka punohu a me ka ua koko e hele ana i loko o ka lewa me ka nani nui launa ole mai, oiai, aia no ka wawae ma ka puka o ka hale o Hina ma kahi i ku ai,...”[30]
He manawa kūpono e hoʻi mai ai:
Ma loko o ka moʻolelo o Lāʻieikawai: “Ma mua o ko Waka kiʻi ʻana iā Lāʻielohelohe, kauoha ihola ʻo ia iā Kekalukaluokēwā, "Ke holo nei wau ʻekolu anahulu me nā pō keu ʻekolu, a laila, hiki mai wau. E nānā naʻe ʻoe a i kū ka pūnohu i ka moana, a laila, manaʻo aʻe ʻoe ua hoʻi mai wau me ko wahine. A laila, hoʻomalu ʻoe iā ʻoe a hiki i ko ʻolua lā e hoʻāo ai."”[31]
Ke kuhikuhi ʻana i ke ala a ke aliʻi:
Ma loko o ka moʻolelo o Keaomelemele: “...,ma laila oia i huli aku ai a nana ia uka o Olaa, ike aku la oia i ka pio mai a ke anuenue a me ka punohu e halii paa ana i luna o na lau laau, a no ka manawa pokole, ua hiki aku la oia ma laila.”[32]
[1] Ua unuhi ʻia nā wehewehena o nā ʻano ānuenue i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi no kēia papahana laeoʻo. E nānā ʻia ka māhele 1.1.1 no kekahi hoʻākaaka ʻana.
[2] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa 2020. Makahiki - Nā Maka o Lono; Utilizing the Papakū Makawalu Method to Analyze Mele and Pule of Lono and the Makahiki. Hamilton: University of Waikato. ʻaoʻao 215. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻālewalewa e ʻanakala David Kaʻalakea iā Kalei Nuʻuhiwa.
[3] Wehewehe Wikiwiki. n.d. Ke Kulanui o Hawaiʻi ma Hilo. https://hilo.hawaii.edu/wehe/. (Pukui/Elbert).
[4] June Gutmanis. 1983. Nā Pule Kahiko. Honolulu, HI: Editions Limited: 7.
[5] Marie Alohalani Brown. 2022. Ka Poʻe Moʻo Akua. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press. ʻaoʻao 108. Hooulumahiehie. 1911. "Moolelo Hoonaue Puuwai no Kama.A.Ka.Mahiai Ka Hiʻapaiʻole o ka Ikaika o ke Kai Huki Hee Nehu o Kahului." Ke Aloha Aina, Mei 20: 3.
[6] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa, 2020. Makahiki - Nā Maka o Lono; Utilizing the Papakū Makawalu Method to Analyze Mele and Pule of Lono and the Makahiki. Hamilton: University of Waikato, ʻaoʻao 215. Ua kilo ʻia nā akua Lono o ke kau makahiki o loko o kāna pepa nui laeʻula.
[7] Abraham Fornander. 2021. Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-Lore VI. Vol. VI. 3 vols. Honolulu, HI: Short Stack of Native Books. ʻaoʻao 505-506.
[8] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa and Pualani Lincoln-Maielua. 2022. "Papahulilani." Papakū Makawalu Workshop. Hilo, HI: Edith Kanakaʻole Foundation, January 15.
[9] Abraham Fornander. 2021. Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-Lore VI. Vol. VI. 3 vols. Honolulu, HI: Short Stack of Native Books. ʻaoʻao 109.
[10] Kimokea Keaulana, ua nīnauele ʻia e Hoaloha Westcott. 2021. (ʻApelila 19).
[11] Hoʻoulumāhiehie. 2009. Ka Moʻolelo Hiwahiwa o Kawelo. Edited by Hiapo Perreira. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press., ʻaoʻao 49.
[12] S.N. Haleʻole (2001). Ke Kaʻao o Lāʻieikawai. Hilo, HI: Ka Haka ʻUla o Keʻelikōlani. Kula Nui o Hawaiʻi. ʻaoʻao 7.
[13] Kalei Nuʻuhiwa, and Pualani Lincoln-Maielua. 2022. "Papahulilani." Papakū Makawalu Workshop. Hilo, HI: Edith Kanakaʻole Foundation, January 15.
[14] S.K. Hukilanai. 1864. "Kumumanaʻo. Na Akua o Koonei Poe i ka Wa Kahiko." Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Novemaba 19: 4.
[15] Collette Leimomi Akana. Hānau Ka Ua. Honolulu, HI: Kamehameha Publishing, 2015: 247.
[16] ʻO ka hopena o ka hōʻike haʻihelu hoʻoili: χ2 (4, n = 49) = 28.45, p < 0.001. No laila, hōʻole ʻia ke kuhiakau kūpapa.
[17] Mika Lee, interview by Anthony Aalto. 2013. Hana Hou Magazine: Signs and Wonders Hana Hou Magazine, (January).
[18] He kaʻaʻike leka uila mai Kalei Nuʻuhiwa.
[19] k.l.
[20] Abraham Fornander, 2021. Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-Lore VI. Vol. VI. 3 vols. Honolulu, HI: Short Stack of Native Books. ʻaoʻao 109.
[21] ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka mea kākau. 1894. "Ka Hanau Kamahao Ana Mai o Laukaieie me Kona Hanau Mua I Kaikunane." Ka Leo o ka Lahui, Ianuari 3: 1.
[22] Moses Manu, (2002). He Moolelo Kaao no Keaomelemele. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press. ʻaoʻao 62.
[23] Hoʻoulumāhiehie. 2009. Ka Moʻolelo Hiwahiwa o Kawelo. Edited by Hiapo Perreira. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press., ʻaoʻao 49.
[24] S.N. Haleʻole (2001). Ke Kaʻao o Lāʻieikawai. Hilo, HI: Ka Haka ʻUla o Keʻelikōlani. Kula Nui o Hawaiʻi. ʻaoʻao 161.
[25] Moses Manu, (2002). He Moolelo Kaao no Keaomelemele. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press. ʻaoʻao 102.
[26] J. Waiamau, "Ka Hoomana Kahiko." Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Septemaba 16, 1865: 2.
[27] J.M. Poepoe. 1906. "Moolelo Hawaii Kahiko." Ka Na’i Aupuni, Septemaba 15. 1.
[28] Hoʻoulumāhiehie, 1906, 2006. Ka Moʻolelo o Hiʻiakaikapoliopele. Edited by Puakea Nogelmeier. Honolulu, HI: Awaiaulu..ʻaoʻao 422.
[29] ʻIke ʻole ʻia ka mea kākau, "Moolelo no ko Hawaii Oihana Kahuna KAPAIA KA OIHANA HOOMANA NO KA I'A KU." Ka Hoku o Hawaii, Iulai 8, 1930
[30] Moses Manu, (2002). He Moolelo Kaao no Keaomelemele. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press. ʻaoʻao 102.
[31] S.N. Haleʻole (2001). Ke Kaʻao o Lāʻieikawai. Hilo, HI: Ka Haka ʻUla o Keʻelikōlani. Kula Nui o Hawaiʻi. ʻaoʻao 115
[32] Moses Manu, (2002). He Moolelo Kaao no Keaomelemele. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press. ʻaoʻao 68.
na Brian Dzyak | Picfair.com